Interpreting an IR Spectrum Infrared (IR) spectroscopy?is a technique used to identify compounds based on changes in?vibrations?of atoms when they?absorb?IR of certain?frequencies A?spectrop...
Mass Spectrometry Mass spectroscopy?is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are?bombarded?with high energy electrons which can cause t...
Organic Liquid Preparation & Purification Simple Distillation This is used to separate a liquid and?soluble solid?from a solution (e.g. water from a solution of salt water) or a pure liq...
Reactions of Alcohols Combustion of alcohols Alcohols react with oxygen in the air when ignited and undergo?complete combustion?to form carbon dioxide and water alcohol + oxygen → carbon dio...
Classifying Alcohols Alcohols?are a family of molecules that contain the?hydroxyl functional group,?-OH Their general formula is ?CnH2n+1OH The nomenclature of alcohols follows the pattern?a...
Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes Nucleophilic substitution reactions can occur in two different ways (known as?SN2?and?SN1?reactions) depending on the structure of the halogenoalkane involved T...
Relative Rates of Hydrolysis Measuring the rate of hydrolysis Acidified aqueous silver nitrate can be used to measure the rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes The following method is used: ...
Nucleophilic Substitution: Mechanisms A?nucleophilic substitution?reaction is one in which a?nucleophile?attacks a carbon atom which carries a?partial?positive?charge An atom that has a?part...
Nucleophilic Substitution: Reactions A?nucleophile?is an electron-rich species that can?donate?a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus / positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are ...
Classifying Halogenoalkanes Naming halogenoalkanes We use the prefixes Fluoro?for fluorine Chloro?for chlroine Bromo?for bromine Iodo?for iodine The name of the halogenoalkane is based on th...
Disposal of Polymers Polymers provide a readily available, cheap alternative to many metal, glass, paper and cardboard materials in everyday use The?low reactivity?of many polymers makes the...
Addition Polymerisation Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation?is one of the most important addition reactions of alkenes which form the basis of the plastics industry Addition poly...
